User Commands awk(1)
NAME
awk - pattern scanning and processing language
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/awk [-f progfile] [-Fc] [ ' prog '] [parameters]
[filename...]
/usr/xpg4/bin/awk [-FcERE] [-v assignment...] 'program'
-f progfile... [argument...]
DESCRIPTION
The /usr/xpg4/bin/awk utility is described on the nawk(1)
manual page.
The /usr/bin/awk utility scans each input filename for lines
that match any of a set of patterns specified in prog. The
prog string must be enclosed in single quotes ( ') to pro-
tect it from the shell. For each pattern in prog there can
be an associated action performed when a line of a filename
matches the pattern. The set of pattern-action statements
can appear literally as prog or in a file specified with the
-f progfile option. Input files are read in order; if there
are no files, the standard input is read. The file name '-'
means the standard input.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-f progfile awk uses the set of patterns it reads from
progfile.
-Fc Uses the character c as the field separator
(FS) character. See the discussion of FS
below.
USAGE
Input Lines
Each input line is matched against the pattern portion of
every pattern-action statement; the associated action is
performed for each matched pattern. Any filename of the form
var=value is treated as an assignment, not a filename, and
is executed at the time it would have been opened if it were
a filename. Variables assigned in this manner are not avail-
able inside a BEGIN rule, and are assigned after previously
specified files have been read.
An input line is normally made up of fields separated by
white spaces. (This default can be changed by using the FS
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User Commands awk(1)
built-in variable or the -Fc option.) The default is to
ignore leading blanks and to separate fields by blanks
and/or tab characters. However, if FS is assigned a value
that does not include any of the white spaces, then leading
blanks are not ignored. The fields are denoted $1, $2, ...;
$0 refers to the entire line.
Pattern-action Statements
A pattern-action statement has the form:
pattern { action }
Either pattern or action can be omitted. If there is no
action, the matching line is printed. If there is no pat-
tern, the action is performed on every input line. Pattern-
action statements are separated by newlines or semicolons.
Patterns are arbitrary Boolean combinations ( !, ||, &&, and
parentheses) of relational expressions and regular expres-
sions. A relational expression is one of the following:
expression relop expression
expression matchop regular_expression
where a relop is any of the six relational operators in C,
and a matchop is either ~ (contains) or !~ (does not con-
tain). An expression is an arithmetic expression, a rela-
tional expression, the special expression
var in array
or a Boolean combination of these.
Regular expressions are as in egrep(1). In patterns they
must be surrounded by slashes. Isolated regular expressions
in a pattern apply to the entire line. Regular expressions
can also occur in relational expressions. A pattern can con-
sist of two patterns separated by a comma; in this case, the
action is performed for all lines between the occurrence of
the first pattern to the occurrence of the second pattern.
The special patterns BEGIN and END can be used to capture
control before the first input line has been read and after
the last input line has been read respectively. These
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User Commands awk(1)
keywords do not combine with any other patterns.
Built-in Variables
Built-in variables include:
FILENAME name of the current input file
FS input field separator regular expression
(default blank and tab)
NF number of fields in the current record
NR ordinal number of the current record
OFMT output format for numbers (default %.6g)
OFS output field separator (default blank)
ORS output record separator (default new-line)
RS input record separator (default new-line)
An action is a sequence of statements. A statement can be
one of the following:
if ( expression ) statement [ else statement ]
while ( expression ) statement
do statement while ( expression )
for ( expression ; expression ; expression ) statement
for ( var in array ) statement
break
continue
{ [ statement ] ... }
expression # commonly variable = expression
print [ expression-list ] [ >expression ]
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User Commands awk(1)
printf format [ ,expression-list ] [ >expression ]
next # skip remaining patterns on this input line
exit [expr] # skip the rest of the input; exit status is expr
Statements are terminated by semicolons, newlines, or right
braces. An empty expression-list stands for the whole input
line. Expressions take on string or numeric values as
appropriate, and are built using the operators +, -, *, /,
%, ^ and concatenation (indicated by a blank). The operators
++, --, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, ^=, >, >=, <, <=, ==, !=, and ?:
are also available in expressions. Variables can be scalars,
array elements (denoted x[i]), or fields. Variables are ini-
tialized to the null string or zero. Array subscripts can be
any string, not necessarily numeric; this allows for a form
of associative memory. String constants are quoted (""),
with the usual C escapes recognized within.
The print statement prints its arguments on the standard
output, or on a file if >expression is present, or on a pipe
if '|cmd' is present. The output resulted from the print
statement is terminated by the output record separator with
each argument separated by the current output field separa-
tor. The printf statement formats its expression list
according to the format (see printf(3C)).
Built-in Functions
The arithmetic functions are as follows:
cos(x) Return cosine of x, where x is in radians.
(In /usr/xpg4/bin/awk only. See nawk(1).)
sin(x) Return sine of x, where x is in radians. (In
/usr/xpg4/bin/awk only. See nawk(1).)
exp(x) Return the exponential function of x.
log(x) Return the natural logarithm of x.
sqrt(x) Return the square root of x.
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User Commands awk(1)
int(x) Truncate its argument to an integer. It is
truncated toward 0 when x > 0.
The string functions are as follows:
index(s, t)
Return the position in string s where string t first
occurs, or 0 if it does not occur at all.
int(s)
truncates s to an integer value. If s is not specified,
$0 is used.
length(s)
Return the length of its argument taken as a string, or
of the whole line if there is no argument.
split(s, a, fs)
Split the string s into array elements a[1], a[2], ...
a[n], and returns n. The separation is done with the
regular expression fs or with the field separator FS if
fs is not given.
sprintf(fmt, expr, expr,...)
Format the expressions according to the printf(3C) for-
mat given by fmt and returns the resulting string.
substr(s, m, n)
returns the n-character substring of s that begins at
position m.
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User Commands awk(1)
The input/output function is as follows:
getline Set $0 to the next input record from the
current input file. getline returns 1 for
successful input, 0 for end of file, and -1
for an error.
Large File Behavior
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of awk
when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2
**31 bytes).
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Printing Lines Longer Than 72 Characters
The following example is an awk script that can be executed
by an awk -f examplescript style command. It prints lines
longer than seventy two characters:
length > 72
Example 2: Printing Fields in Opposite Order
The following example is an awk script that can be executed
by an awk -f examplescript style command. It prints the
first two fields in opposite order:
{ print $2, $1 }
Example 3: Printing Fields in Opposite Order with the Input
Fields Separated
The following example is an awk script that can be executed
by an awk -f examplescript style command. It prints the
first two input fields in opposite order, separated by a
comma, blanks or tabs:
BEGIN { FS = ",[ \t]*|[ \t]+" }
{ print $2, $1 }
Example 4: Adding Up the First Column, Printing the Sum and
Average
The following example is an awk script that can be executed
by an awk -f examplescript style command. It adds up the
first column, and prints the sum and average:
{ s += $1 }
END { print "sum is", s, " average is", s/NR }
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User Commands awk(1)
Example 5: Printing Fields in Reverse Order
The following example is an awk script that can be executed
by an awk -f examplescript style command. It prints fields
in reverse order:
{ for (i = NF; i > 0; --i) print $i }
Example 6: Printing All lines Between start/stop Pairs
The following example is an awk script that can be executed
by an awk -f examplescript style command. It prints all
lines between start/stop pairs.
/start/, /stop/
Example 7: Printing All Lines Whose First Field is Different
from the Previous One
The following example is an awk script that can be executed
by an awk -f examplescript style command. It prints all
lines whose first field is different from the previous one.
$1 != prev { print; prev = $1 }
Example 8: Printing a File and Filling in Page numbers
The following example is an awk script that can be executed
by an awk -f examplescript style command. It prints a file
and fills in page numbers starting at 5:
/Page/ { $2 = n++; }
{ print }
Example 9: Printing a File and Numbering Its Pages
Assuming this program is in a file named prog, the following
example prints the file input numbering its pages starting
at 5:
example% awk -f prog n=5 input
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of awk: LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, NLSPATH, and PATH.
LC_NUMERIC Determine the radix character used when
interpreting numeric input, performing
conversions between numeric and string
values and formatting numeric output.
Regardless of locale, the period character
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User Commands awk(1)
(the decimal-point character of the POSIX
locale) is the decimal-point character
recognized in processing awk programs
(including assignments in command-line argu-
ments).
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
/usr/bin/awk
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWesu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Not Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg4/bin/awk
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
egrep(1), grep(1), nawk(1), sed(1), printf(3C), attri-
butes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), standards(5)
NOTES
Input white space is not preserved on output if fields are
involved.
There are no explicit conversions between numbers and
strings. To force an expression to be treated as a number,
add 0 to it. To force an expression to be treated as a
string, concatenate the null string ("") to it.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 22 Jun 2005 8
| Donation will make us pay more time on the project: |
|
Friday, 1 January 2010
awk man page
auto_ef man page
User Commands auto_ef(1)
NAME
auto_ef - auto encoding finder
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/auto_ef [-e encoding_list] [-a] [-l level] [file
...]
/usr/bin/auto_ef -h
DESCRIPTION
The auto_ef utility identifies the encoding of a given file.
The utility judges the encoding by using the iconv code
conversion, determining whether a certain code conversion
was successful with the file, and also by performing fre-
quency analyses on the character sequences that appear in
the file.
The auto_ef utility might produce unexpected output if the
string is binary, a character table, a localized digit list,
or a chronogram, or if the string or file is very small in
size (for example, less than one 100 bytes).
ASCII JIS
ISO-2022-JP
eucJP Japanese EUC
PCK Japanese PC Kanji, CP932, Shift JIS
UTF-8 Korean EUC
ko_KR.euc
ko_KR.cp949 Unified Hangul
ISO-2022-KR ISO-2022 Korean
zh_CN.iso2022-CN ISO-2022 CN/CN-EXT
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User Commands auto_ef(1)
zh_CN.euc Simplified Chinese EUC, GB2312
GB18030 Simplified Chinese GB18030/GBK
zh_TW-big5 BIG5
zh_TW-euc Traditional Chinese EUC
zh_TW.hkscs Hong Kong BIG5
iso-8859-1 West European, and similar
iso-8859-2 East European, and similar
iso-8859-5 Cyrillic, and similar
iso-8859-6 Arabic
iso-8859-7 Greek
iso-8859-8 Hebrew
CP1250 windows-1250, corresponding to ISO-
8859-2
CP1251 windows-1251, corresponding to ISO-
8859-5
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User Commands auto_ef(1)
CP1252 windows-1252, corresponding to ISO-
8859-1
CP1253 windows-1253, corresponding to ISO-
8859-7
CP1255 windows-1255, corresponding to ISO-
8859-8
koi8-r corresponding to iso-8859-5
By default, auto_ef returns a single, most likely encoding
for text in a specified file. To get all possible encodings
for the file, use the -a option.
Also by default, auto_ef uses the fastest process to examine
the file. For more accurate results, use the -l option.
To examine data with a limited set of encodings, use the -e
option.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-a Shows all possible encodings in
order of possibility, with scores in
the range between 0.0 and 1.0. A
higher score means a higher possi-
bility. For example,
example% auto_ef -a test_file
eucJP 0.89
zh_CN.euc 0.04
ko_KR.euc 0.01
Without this option, only one encod-
ing with the highest score is shown.
-e encoding_list Examines data only with specified
encodings. For example, when
encoding_list is specified as
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User Commands auto_ef(1)
"ko_KR.euc:ko_KR.cp949", auto_ef
examines text only with CP949 and
ko_KR.euc. Without this option,
auto_ef examines text with all
encodings. Multiple encodings can be
specified by separating the encod-
ings using a colon (:).
-h Shows the usage message.
-l level Specifies the level of judgment. The
value of level can be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
Level 3 produces the best result but
can be slow. Level 0 is fastest but
results can be less accurate than in
higher levels. The default is level
0.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
file File name to examine.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Examining encoding of a file
example% auto_ef file_name
Example 2: Examining encoding of a file at level 2.
example% auto_ef -l 2 file_name
Example 3: Examining encoding of a file with only eucJP or
ko_KR.euc
example% auto_ef -e "eucJP:ko_KR.euc" file_name
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 Successful completion
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User Commands auto_ef(1)
1 An error occurred.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWautoef |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | See below. |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
Interface Stability of output format, when option -a is
specified, is Evolving. Other interfaces are Stable.
SEE ALSO
auto_ef(3EXT), libauto_ef(3LIB), attributes(5)
International Language Environments Guide
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 26 Sep 2004 5
auths man page
User Commands auths(1)
NAME
auths - print authorizations granted to a user
SYNOPSIS
auths [ user ...]
DESCRIPTION
The auths command prints on standard output the authoriza-
tions that you or the optionally-specified user or role have
been granted. Authorizations are rights that are checked by
certain privileged programs to determine whether a user may
execute restricted functionality.
Each user may have zero or more authorizations. Authoriza-
tions are represented by fully-qualified names, which iden-
tify the organization that created the authorization and the
functionality that it controls. Following the Java conven-
tion, the hierarchical components of an authorization are
separated by dots (.), starting with the reverse order
Internet domain name of the creating organization, and end-
ing with the specific function within a class of authoriza-
tions.
An asterisk (*) indicates all authorizations in a class.
A user's authorizations are looked up in user_attr(4) and in
the /etc/security/policy.conf file (see policy.conf(4)).
Authorizations may be specified directly in user_attr(4) or
indirectly through prof_attr(4). Authorizations may also be
assigned to every user in the system directly as default
authorizations or indirectly as default profiles in the
/etc/security/policy.conf file.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Sample output
The auths output has the following form:
example% auths tester01 tester02
tester01 : solaris.system.date,solaris.jobs.admin
tester02 : solaris.system.*
example%
Notice that there is no space after the comma separating the
authorization names in tester01.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 Successful completion.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 25 Mar 2004 1
User Commands auths(1)
1 An error occurred.
FILES
/etc/user_attr
/etc/security/auth_attr
/etc/security/policy.conf
/etc/security/prof_attr
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
profiles(1), roles(1), getauthattr(3SECDB), auth_attr(4),
policy.conf(4), prof_attr(4), user_attr(4), attributes(5)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 25 Mar 2004 2
audiorecord man page
User Commands audiorecord(1)
NAME
audiorecord - record an audio file
SYNOPSIS
audiorecord [-af] [-v vol] [-b bal] [-m monvol] [-p mic |
line | internal-cd] [-c channels] [-s rate] [-e encoding]
[-t time] [-i info] [-d dev] [-T au | aif[f] | wav]
[file[.au|.aif[f]]|.wav]
DESCRIPTION
The audiorecord utility copies audio data from the audio
device to a named audio file, or to the standard output if
no filename is present. If no output file is specified and
standard output is a tty, the volume, balance, monitor
volume, port, and audio format settings specified on the
command line will be applied and the program will exit.
By default, monaural audio data is recorded at 8 kHz and
encoded in -law format. If the audio device supports addi-
tional configurations, the -c, -s, and -e options may be
used to specify the data format. The output file is prefixed
by an audio file header that identifies the format of the
data encoded in the file.
Recording begins immediately and continues until a SIGINT
signal (for example, Control-c) is received. If the -t
option is specified, audiorecord stops when the specified
quantity of data has been recorded.
If the audio device is unavailable, that is, if another pro-
cess currently has read access, audiorecord prints an error
message and exits immediately.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-\?
Help: Prints a command line usage message.
-a
Append: Appends the data on the end of the named audio
file. The audio device must support the audio data for-
mat of the existing file.
-b bal
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User Commands audiorecord(1)
Balance: The recording balance is set to the specified
value before recording begins, and is reset to its pre-
vious level when audiorecord exits. The bal argument is
an integer value between -100 and 100, inclusive. A
value of -100 indicates left balance, 0 middle, and 100
right. If this argument is not specified, the input bal-
ance will remain at the level most recently set by any
process.
-c channels
Channels: Specifies the number of audio channels (1 or
2). The value may be specified as an integer or as the
string mono or stereo. The default value is mono.
-d dev
Device: The dev argument specifies an alternate audio
device from which input should be taken. If the -d
option is not specified, the AUDIODEV environment vari-
able is consulted (see below). Otherwise, /dev/audio is
used as the default audio device.
-e encoding
Encoding: Specifies the audio data encoding. This value
may be one of ulaw, alaw, or linear. The default encod-
ing is ulaw.
-f
Force: When the -a flag is specified, the sample rate of
the audio device must match the sample rate at which the
original file was recorded. If the -f flag is also
specified, sample rate differences are ignored, with a
warning message printed on the standard error.
-i info
Information: The `information' field of the output file
header is set to the string specified by the info argu-
ment. This option cannot be specified in conjunction
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User Commands audiorecord(1)
with the -a argument.
-m monvol
Monitor Volume: The input monitor volume is set to the
specified value before recording begins, and is reset to
its previous level when audiorecord exits. The monval
argument is an integer value between 0 and 100,
inclusive. A non-zero value allows a directly connected
input source to be heard on the output speaker while
recording is in-progress. If this argument is not speci-
fied, the monitor volume will remain at the level most
recently set by any process.
-p mic | line | internal-cd
Input Port: Selects the mic, line, or internal-cd input
as the source of the audio output signal. If this argu-
ment is not specified, the input port will remain
unchanged. Please notice: Some systems will not support
all possible input ports. If the named port does not
exist, this option is ignored.
-s rate
Sample Rate: Specifies the sample rate, in samples per
second. If a number is followed by the letter k, it is
multiplied by 1000 (for example, 44.1k = 44100). The
default sample rate is 8 kHz.
-t time
Time: The time argument specifies the maximum length of
time to record. Time can be specified as a floating-
point value, indicating the number of seconds, or in the
form: hh:mm:ss.dd, where the hour and minute specifica-
tions are optional.
-T au | aif[f] | wav
Specifies the audio file type to create. If the -a
option is used, the file type must match the file to
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User Commands audiorecord(1)
which it is being appended. Regardless of the file suf-
fix, the type will be set as specified in this option.
If this option is not specified, the file suffix will
determine the type.
-v vol
Volume: The recording gain is set to the specified value
before recording begins, and is reset to its previous
level when audiorecord exits. The vol argument is an
integer value between 0 and 100, inclusive. If this
argument is not specified, the input volume will remain
at the level most recently set by any process.
OPERANDS
file[.au|.aif[f]]|.wav
File Specification: The named audio file is rewritten,
or appended. If no filename is present, and standard
output is not a tty, or if the special filename "-" is
specified, output is directed to the the standard out-
put.
If the -T option is not specified, the file suffix will
determine the type of file. If the suffix is not recog-
nized, the default is .au. If the -T option is speci-
fied, that file type is used regardless of the file suf-
fix.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of
audiorecord when encountering files greater than or equal to
2 Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
AUDIODEV The full path name of the audio device to
record from, if no -d argument is supplied.
If the AUDIODEV variable is not set,
/dev/audio is used.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
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User Commands audiorecord(1)
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Architecture | SPARC, x86 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWauda |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Evolving |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
audioconvert(1), audioplay(1), mixerctl(1), attributes(5),
largefile(5), usb_ac(7D), audio(7I), mixer(7I)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Jul 2003 5
audioplay man page
User Commands audioplay(1)
NAME
audioplay - play audio files
SYNOPSIS
audioplay [-iV] [-v vol] [-b bal] [-p speaker | headphone |
line] [-d dev] [file...]
DESCRIPTION
The audioplay utility copies the named audio files (or the
standard input if no filenames are present) to the audio
device. If no input file is specified and standard input is
a tty, the port, volume, and balance settings specified on
the command line will be applied and the program will exit.
The input files must contain a valid audio file header. The
encoding information in this header is matched against the
capabilities of the audio device and, if the data formats
are incompatible, an error message is printed and the file
is skipped. Compressed ADPCM (G.721) monaural audio data is
automatically uncompressed before playing.
Minor deviations in sampling frequency (that is, less than
1%) are ordinarily ignored. This allows, for instance, data
sampled at 8012 Hz to be played on an audio device that only
supports 8000 Hz. If the -V option is present, such devia-
tions are flagged with warning messages.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-i
Immediate: If the audio device is unavailable (that is,
another process currently has write access), audioplay
ordinarily waits until it can obtain access to the dev-
ice. When the -i option is present, audioplay prints an
error message and exits immediately if the device is
busy.
-V
Verbose: Prints messages on the standard error when
waiting for access to the audio device or when sample
rate deviations are detected.
-v vol
Volume: The output volume is set to the specified value
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User Commands audioplay(1)
before playing begins, and is reset to its previous
level when audioplay exits. The vol argument is an
integer value between 0 and 100, inclusive. If this
argument is not specified, the output volume remains at
the level most recently set by any process.
-b bal
Balance: The output balance is set to the specified
value before playing begins, and is reset to its previ-
ous level when audioplay exits. The bal argument is an
integer value between -100 and 100, inclusive. A value
of -100 indicates left balance, 0 middle, and 100 right.
If this argument is not specified, the output balance
remains at the level most recently set by any process.
-p speaker | headphone | line
Output Port: Selects the built-in speaker (the default),
headphone jack, or line out as the destination of the
audio output signal. If this argument is not specified,
the output port will remain unchanged. Please note: Not
all audio adapters support all of the output ports. If
the named port does not exist, an appropriate substitute
will be used.
-d dev
Device: The dev argument specifies an alternate audio
device to which output should be directed. If the -d
option is not specified, the AUDIODEV environment vari-
able is consulted (see below). Otherwise, /dev/audio is
used as the default audio device.
-\?
Help: Prints a command line usage message.
OPERANDS
file File Specification: Audio files named on the com-
mand line are played sequentially. If no filenames
are present, the standard input stream (if it is
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Feb 2001 2
User Commands audioplay(1)
not a tty) is played (it, too, must contain an
audio file header). The special filename `-' may be
used to read the standard input stream instead of a
file. If a relative path name is supplied, the
AUDIOPATH environment variable is consulted (see
below).
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of
audioplay when encountering files greater than or equal to 2
Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
AUDIODEV The full path name of the audio device to
write to, if no -d argument is supplied. If
the AUDIODEV variable is not set, /dev/audio
is used.
AUDIOPATH A colon-separated list of directories in
which to search for audio files whose names
are given by relative pathnames. The current
directory (".") may be specified explicitly
in the search path. If the AUDIOPATH vari-
able is not set, only the current directory
will be searched.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Architecture | SPARC, x86 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWauda |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Evolving |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
audioconvert(1), audiorecord(1), mixerctl(1), attributes(5),
largefile(5), usb_ac(7D), audio(7I), mixer(7I)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Feb 2001 3
User Commands audioplay(1)
BUGS
audioplay currently supports a limited set of audio format
conversions. If the audio file is not in a format supported
by the audio device, it must first be converted. For exam-
ple, to convert to voice format on the fly, use the command:
example% audioconvert -f voice myfile | audioplay
The format conversion will not always be able to keep up
with the audio output. If this is the case, you should con-
vert to a temporary file before playing the data.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Feb 2001 4
audioconvert man page
User Commands audioconvert(1)
NAME
audioconvert - convert audio file formats
SYNOPSIS
audioconvert [-pF] [-f outfmt] [-o outfile] [ [-i infmt]
[file...]] ...
DESCRIPTION
audioconvert converts audio data between a set of supported
audio encodings and file formats. It can be used to compress
and decompress audio data, to add audio file headers to raw
audio data files, and to convert between standard data
encodings, such as -law and linear PCM.
If no filenames are present, audioconvert reads the data
from the standard input stream and writes an audio file to
the standard output. Otherwise, input files are processed in
order, concatenated, and written to the output file.
Input files are expected to contain audio file headers that
identify the audio data format. If the audio data does not
contain a recognizable header, the format must be specified
with the -i option, using the rate, encoding, and channels
keywords to identify the input data format.
The output file format is derived by updating the format of
the first input file with the format options in the -f
specification. If -p is not specified, all subsequent input
files are converted to this resulting format and con-
catenated together. The output file will contain an audio
file header, unless format=raw is specified in the output
format options.
Input files may be converted in place by using the -p
option. When -p is in effect, the format of each input file
is modified according to the -f option to determine the out-
put format. The existing files are then overwritten with the
converted data.
The file(1) command decodes and prints the audio data format
of Sun audio files.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-p In Place: The input files are individually
converted to the format specified by the -f
option and rewritten. If a target file is a
symbolic link, the underlying file will be
rewritten. The -o option may not be speci-
fied with -p.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Feb 2001 1
User Commands audioconvert(1)
-F Force: This option forces audioconvert to
ignore any file header for input files whose
format is specified by the -i option. If -F
is not specified, audioconvert ignores the
-i option for input files that contain valid
audio file headers.
-f outfmt Output Format: This option is used to
specify the file format and data encoding of
the output file. Defaults for unspecified
fields are derived from the input file for-
mat. Valid keywords and values are listed in
the next section.
-o outfile Output File: All input files are con-
catenated, converted to the output format,
and written to the named output file. If -o
and -p are not specified, the concatenated
output is written to the standard output.
The -p option may not be specified with -o.
-i infmt Input Format: This option is used to specify
the data encoding of raw input files. Ordi-
narily, the input data format is derived
from the audio file header. This option is
required when converting audio data that is
not preceded by a valid audio file header.
If -i is specified for an input file that
contains an audio file header, the input
format string will be ignored, unless -F is
present. The format specification syntax is
the same as the -f output file format.
Multiple input formats may be specified. An
input format describes all input files fol-
lowing that specification, until a new input
format is specified.
file File Specification: The named audio files
are concatenated, converted to the output
format, and written out. If no file name is
present, or if the special file name `-' is
specified, audio data is read from the stan-
dard input.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Feb 2001 2
User Commands audioconvert(1)
-? Help: Prints a command line usage message.
Format Specification
The syntax for the input and output format specification is:
keyword=value[,keyword=value ...]
with no intervening whitespace. Unambiguous values may be
used without the preceding keyword=.
rate The audio sampling rate is specified in sam-
ples per second. If a number is followed by
the letter k, it is multiplied by 1000 (for
example, 44.1k = 44100). Standard of the
commonly used sample rates are: 8k, 16k,
32k, 44.1k, and 48k.
channels The number of interleaved channels is speci-
fied as an integer. The words mono and
stereo may also be used to specify one and
two channel data, respectively.
encoding This option specifies the digital audio data
representation. Encodings determine preci-
sion implicitly (ulaw implies 8-bit preci-
sion) or explicitly as part of the name (for
example, linear16). Valid encoding values
are:
ulaw CCITT G.711 -law encoding.
This is an 8-bit format pri-
marily used for telephone
quality speech.
alaw CCITT G.711 A-law encoding.
This is an 8-bit format pri-
marily used for telephone
quality speech in Europe.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Feb 2001 3
User Commands audioconvert(1)
linear8, Linear Pulse Code Modulation
linear16, (PCM) encoding. The name
linear32 identifies the number of
bits of precision. linear16
is typically used for high
quality audio data.
pcm Same as linear16.
g721 CCITT G.721 compression for-
mat. This encoding uses
Adaptive Delta Pulse Code
Modulation (ADPCM) with 4-
bit precision. It is pri-
marily used for compressing
-law voice data (achieving a
2:1 compression ratio).
g723 CCITT G.723 compression for-
mat. This encoding uses
Adaptive Delta Pulse Code
Modulation (ADPCM) with 3-
bit precision. It is pri-
marily used for compressing
-law voice data (achieving
an 8:3 compression ratio).
The audio quality is similar
to G.721, but may result in
lower quality when used for
non-speech data.
The following encoding values are also
accepted as shorthand to set the sample
rate, channels, and encoding:
voice Equivalent to
encoding=ulaw,rate=8k,channels=mono.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Feb 2001 4
User Commands audioconvert(1)
cd Equivalent to
encoding=linear16,rate=44.1k,channels=stereo.
dat Equivalent to
encoding=linear16,rate=48k,channels=stereo.
format This option specifies the audio file format.
Valid formats are:
sun Sun compatible file format (the
default).
raw Use this format when reading or
writing raw audio data (with no
audio header), or in conjunction
with an offset to import a foreign
audio file format.
offset (-i only) Specifies a byte offset to locate
the start of the audio data. This option may
be used to import audio data that contains
an unrecognized file header.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of
audioconvert when encountering files greater than or equal
to 2 Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Recording and compressing voice data before stor-
ing it
Record voice data and compress it before storing it to a
file:
example% audiorecord | audioconvert -f g721 > mydata.au
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Feb 2001 5
User Commands audioconvert(1)
Example 2: Concatenating two audio files
Concatenate two Sun format audio files, regardless of their
data format, and output an 8-bit ulaw, 16 kHz, mono file:
example% audioconvert -f ulaw,rate=16k,mono -o outfile.au infile1 infile2
Example 3: Converting a directory to Sun format
Convert a directory containing raw voice data files, in
place, to Sun format (adds a file header to each file):
example% audioconvert -p -i voice -f sun *.au
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Architecture | SPARC, x86 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWauda |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Evolving |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
audioplay(1), audiorecord(1), file(1), attributes(5), large-
file(5)
NOTES
The algorithm used for converting multi-channel data to mono
is implemented by simply summing the channels together. If
the input data is perfectly in phase (as would be the case
if a mono file is converted to stereo and back to mono), the
resulting data may contain some distortion.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Feb 2001 6
atrm man page
User Commands atrm(1)
NAME
atrm - remove jobs spooled by at or batch
SYNOPSIS
atrm [-afi] [ [ job #] [user...]]
DESCRIPTION
The atrm utility removes delayed-execution jobs that were
created with the at(1) command, but have not yet executed.
The list of these jobs and associated job numbers can be
displayed by using atq(1).
atrm removes each job-number you specify, and/or all jobs
belonging to the user you specify, provided that you own the
indicated jobs.
You can only remove jobs belonging to other users if you
have solaris.jobs.admin privileges.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-a All. Removes all unexecuted jobs that were created
by the current user. If invoked by the privileged
user, the entire queue will be flushed.
-f Force. All information regarding the removal of
the specified jobs is suppressed.
-i Interactive. atrm asks if a job should be removed.
If you respond with a y, the job will be removed.
FILES
/var/spool/cron/atjobs spool area for at jobs
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 1999 1
User Commands atrm(1)
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
at(1), atq(1), auths(1), cron(1M), auth_attr(4), attri-
butes(5)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 1999 2
atq man page
User Commands atq(1)
NAME
atq - display the jobs queued to run at specified times
SYNOPSIS
atq [-c] [-n] [username...]
DESCRIPTION
The atq utility displays the at jobs queued up for the
current user. at(1) is a utility that allows users to exe-
cute commands at a later date. If invoked by a user with the
solaris.jobs.admin authorization, atq will display all jobs
in the queue.
If no options are given, the jobs are displayed in chrono-
logical order of execution.
When an authorized user invokes atq without specifying user-
name, the entire queue is displayed; when a username is
specified, only those jobs belonging to the named user are
displayed.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-c Displays the queued jobs in the order they were
created (that is, the time that the at command was
given).
-n Displays only the total number of jobs currently in
the queue.
FILES
/var/spool/cron/atjobs spool area for at jobs.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 1999 1
User Commands atq(1)
SEE ALSO
at(1), atrm(1), auths(1), cron(1M), auth_attr(4), attri-
butes(5)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Aug 1999 2
at man page
User Commands at(1)
NAME
at, batch - execute commands at a later time
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/at [-c | -k | -s] [-m] [-f file] [-p project] [-
q queuename] -t time
/usr/bin/at [-c | -k | -s] [-m] [-f file] [-p project] [-
q queuename] timespec...
/usr/bin/at -l [-p project] [-q queuename] [ at_job_id. ..]
/usr/bin/at -r at_job_id. ..
/usr/bin/batch [-p project]
/usr/xpg4/bin/at [-c | -k | -s] [-m] [-f file] [-p project]
[-q queuename] -t time
/usr/xpg4/bin/at [-c | -k | -s] [-m] [-f file] [-p project]
[-q queuename] timespec...
/usr/xpg4/bin/at -l [-p project] [-q queuename] [ at_job_id.
..]
/usr/xpg4/bin/at -r at_job_id. ..
/usr/xpg4/bin/batch [-p project]
DESCRIPTION
at
The at utility reads commands from standard input and groups
them together as an at-job, to be executed at a later time.
The at-job is executed in a separate invocation of the
shell, running in a separate process group with no control-
ling terminal, except that the environment variables,
current working directory, file creation mask (see
umask(1)), and system resource limits (for sh and ksh only,
see ulimit(1)) in effect when the at utility is executed is
retained and used when the at-job is executed.
When the at-job is submitted, the at_job_id and scheduled
time are written to standard error. The at_job_id is an
identifier that is a string consisting solely of
alphanumeric characters and the period character. The
at_job_id is assigned by the system when the job is
scheduled such that it uniquely identifies a particular job.
User notification and the processing of the job's standard
output and standard error are described under the -m option.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 1
User Commands at(1)
Users are permitted to use at and batch (see below) if their
name appears in the file /usr/lib/cron/at.allow. If that
file does not exist, the file /usr/lib/cron/at.deny is
checked to determine if the user should be denied access to
at. If neither file exists, only a user with the
solaris.jobs.user authorization is allowed to submit a job.
If only at.deny exists and is empty, global usage is permit-
ted. The at.allow and at.deny files consist of one user name
per line.
cron and at jobs are not be executed if the user's account
is locked. Only accounts which are not locked as defined in
shadow(4) will have their job or process executed.
batch
The batch utility reads commands to be executed at a later
time.
Commands of the forms:
/usr/bin/batch [-p project]
/usr/xpg4/bin/batch [-p project]
are respectively equivalent to:
/usr/bin/at -q b [-p project] now
/usr/xpg4/bin/at -q b -m [-p project] now
where queue b is a special at queue, specifically for batch
jobs. Batch jobs are submitted to the batch queue for
immediate execution. Execution of submitted jobs can be
delayed by limits on the number of jobs allowed to run con-
currently. See queuedefs(4).
OPTIONS
If the -c, -k, or -s options are not specified, the SHELL
environment variable by default determines which shell to
use.
For /usr/xpg4/bin/at and /usr/xpg4/bin/batch, if SHELL is
unset or NULL, /usr/xpg4/bin/sh is used.
For usr/bin/at and /usr/bin/batch, if SHELL is unset or
NULL, /bin/sh is used.
The following options are supported:
-c C shell. csh(1) is used to execute the at-
job.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 2
User Commands at(1)
-k Korn shell. ksh(1) is used to execute the
at-job.
-s Bourne shell. sh(1) is used to execute the
at-job.
-f file Specifies the path of a file to be used as
the source of the at-job, instead of stan-
dard input.
-l (The letter ell.) Reports all jobs scheduled
for the invoking user if no at_job_id
operands are specified. If at_job_ids are
specified, reports only information for
these jobs.
-m Sends mail to the invoking user after the
at-job has run, announcing its completion.
Standard output and standard error produced
by the at-job are mailed to the user as
well, unless redirected elsewhere. Mail is
sent even if the job produces no output.
If -m is not used, the job's standard output
and standard error is provided to the user
by means of mail, unless they are redirected
elsewhere; if there is no such output to
provide, the user is not notified of the
job's completion.
-p project Specifies under which project the at or
batch job is run. When used with the -l
option, limits the search to that particular
project. Values for project is interpreted
first as a project name, and then as a pos-
sible project ID, if entirely numeric. By
default, the user's current project is used.
-q queuename Specifies in which queue to schedule a job
for submission. When used with the -l
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 3
User Commands at(1)
option, limits the search to that particular
queue. Values for queuename are limited to
the lower case letters a through z. By
default, at-jobs are scheduled in queue a.
In contrast, queue b is reserved for batch
jobs. Since queue c is reserved for cron
jobs, it can not be used with the -q option.
-r at_job_id Removes the jobs with the specified
at_job_id operands that were previously
scheduled by the at utility.
-t time Submits the job to be run at the time speci-
fied by the time option-argument, which must
have the format as specified by the touch(1)
utility.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
at_job_id The name reported by a previous invocation
of the at utility at the time the job was
scheduled.
timespec Submit the job to be run at the date and
time specified. All of the timespec operands
are interpreted as if they were separated by
space characters and concatenated. The date
and time are interpreted as being in the
timezone of the user (as determined by the
TZ variable), unless a timezone name appears
as part of time below.
In the "C" locale, the following describes
the three parts of the time specification
string. All of the values from the LC_TIME
categories in the "C" locale are recognized
in a case-insensitive manner.
time The time can be specified as
one, two or four digits.
One- and two-digit numbers
are taken to be hours,
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 4
User Commands at(1)
four-digit numbers to be
hours and minutes. The time
can alternatively be speci-
fied as two numbers
separated by a colon, mean-
ing hour:minute. An AM/PM
indication (one of the
values from the am_pm key-
words in the LC_TIME locale
category) can follow the
time; otherwise, a 24-hour
clock time is understood. A
timezone name of GMT, UCT,
or ZULU (case insensitive)
can follow to specify that
the time is in Coordinated
Universal Time. Other
timezones can be specified
using the TZ environment
variable. The time field can
also be one of the following
tokens in the "C" locale:
midnight Indicates the time
12:00 am (00:00).
noon Indicates the time
12:00 pm.
now Indicate the
current day and
time. Invoking at
now submits an at-
job for potentially
immediate execution
(that is, subject
only to unspecified
scheduling delays).
date An optional date can be
specified as either a month
name (one of the values from
the mon or abmon keywords in
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 5
User Commands at(1)
the LC_TIME locale category)
followed by a day number
(and possibly year number
preceded by a comma) or a
day of the week (one of the
values from the day or abday
keywords in the LC_TIME
locale category). Two spe-
cial days are recognized in
the "C" locale:
today Indicates the
current day.
tomorrow Indicates the day
following the
current day.
If no date is given, today
is assumed if the given time
is greater than the current
time, and tomorrow is
assumed if it is less. If
the given month is less than
the current month (and no
year is given), next year is
assumed.
increment The optional increment is a
number preceded by a plus
sign (+) and suffixed by one
of the following: minutes,
hours, days, weeks, months,
or years. (The singular
forms are also accepted.)
The keyword next is
equivalent to an increment
number of + 1. For example,
the following are equivalent
commands:
at 2pm + 1 week
at 2pm next week
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 6
User Commands at(1)
USAGE
The format of the at command line shown here is guaranteed
only for the "C" locale. Other locales are not supported for
midnight, noon, now, mon, abmon, day, abday, today, tomor-
row, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, and next.
Since the commands run in a separate shell invocation, run-
ning in a separate process group with no controlling termi-
nal, open file descriptors, traps and priority inherited
from the invoking environment are lost.
EXAMPLES
at
Example 1: Typical Sequence at a Terminal
This sequence can be used at a terminal:
$ at -m 0730 tomorrow
sort < file >outfile
<EOT>
Example 2: Redirecting Output
This sequence, which demonstrates redirecting standard error
to a pipe, is useful in a command procedure (the sequence of
output redirection specifications is significant):
$ at now + 1 hour <<!
diff file1 file2 2>&1 >outfile | mailx mygroup
Example 3: Self-rescheduling a Job
To have a job reschedule itself, at can be invoked from
within the at-job. For example, this "daily-processing"
script named my.daily runs every day (although crontab is a
more appropriate vehicle for such work):
# my.daily runs every day
at now tomorrow < my.daily
daily-processing
Example 4: Various Time and Operand Presentations
The spacing of the three portions of the "C" locale timespec
is quite flexible as long as there are no ambiguities. Exam-
ples of various times and operand presentations include:
at 0815am Jan 24
at 8 :15amjan24
at now "+ 1day"
at 5 pm FRIday
at '17
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 7
User Commands at(1)
utc+
30minutes'
batch
Example 5: Typical Sequence at a Terminal
This sequence can be used at a terminal:
$ batch
sort <file >outfile
<EOT>
Example 6: Redirecting Output
This sequence, which demonstrates redirecting standard error
to a pipe, is useful in a command procedure (the sequence of
output redirection specifications is significant):
$ batch <<!
diff file1 file2 2>&1 >outfile | mailx mygroup
!
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of at and batch: LANG,
LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, NLSPATH, and LC_TIME.
DATEMSK If the environment variable DATEMSK is set,
at uses its value as the full path name of a
template file containing format strings. The
strings consist of format specifiers and
text characters that are used to provide a
richer set of allowable date formats in dif-
ferent languages by appropriate settings of
the environment variable LANG or LC_TIME.
The list of allowable format specifiers is
located in the getdate(3C) manual page. The
formats described in the OPERANDS section
for the time and date arguments, the special
names noon, midnight, now, next, today,
tomorrow, and the increment argument are not
recognized when DATEMSK is set.
SHELL Determine a name of a command interpreter to
be used to invoke the at-job. If the vari-
able is unset or NULL, sh is used. If it is
set to a value other than sh, the implemen-
tation uses that shell; a warning diagnostic
is printed telling which shell will be used.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 8
User Commands at(1)
TZ Determine the timezone. The job is submitted
for execution at the time specified by
timespec or -t time relative to the timezone
specified by the TZ variable. If timespec
specifies a timezone, it overrides TZ. If
timespec does not specify a timezone and TZ
is unset or NULL, an unspecified default
timezone is used.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 The at utility successfully submitted, removed or
listed a job or jobs.
>0 An error occurred, and the job will not be
scheduled.
FILES
/usr/lib/cron/at.allow names of users, one per
line, who are authorized
access to the at and batch
utilities
/usr/lib/cron/at.deny names of users, one per
line, who are denied access
to the at and batch utili-
ties
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
/usr/bin/at
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 9
User Commands at(1)
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Not enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg4/bin/at
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Not enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/bin/batch
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWesu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg4/bin/batch
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
auths(1), crontab(1), csh(1), date(1), ksh(1), sh(1),
touch(1), ulimit(1), umask(1), cron(1M), getdate(3C),
auth_attr(4), shadow(4), queuedefs(4), attributes(5),
environ(5), standards(5)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 10
User Commands at(1)
NOTES
Regardless of queue used, cron(1M) has a limit of 100 jobs
in execution at any time.
There can be delays in cron at job execution. In some cases,
these delays can compound to the point that cron job pro-
cessing appears to be hung. All jobs are executed eventu-
ally. When the delays are excessive, the only workaround is
to kill and restart cron.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 13 Apr 2005 11
asa man page
User Commands asa(1)
NAME
asa - convert FORTRAN carriage-control output to printable
form
SYNOPSIS
asa [-f] [file...]
DESCRIPTION
The asa utility will write its input files to standard out-
put, mapping carriage-control characters from the text files
to line-printer control sequences.
The first character of every line will be removed from the
input, and the following actions will be performed.
If the character removed is:
SPACE The rest of the line will be output without change.
0 It is replaced by a newline control sequence fol-
lowed by the rest of the input line.
1 It is replaced by a newpage control sequence fol-
lowed by the rest of the input line.
+ It is replaced by a control sequence that causes
printing to return to the first column of the pre-
vious line, where the rest of the input line is
printed.
For any other character in the first column of an input
line, asa skips the character and prints the rest of the
line unchanged.
If asa is called without providing a filename, the standard
input is used.
OPTIONS
The following option is supported:
-f Start each file on a new page.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 18 Apr 1995 1
User Commands asa(1)
OPERANDS
The following operand is supported:
file A pathname of a text file used for input. If no
file operands are specified, or `-' is specified,
then the standard input will be used.
EXAMPLES
The command
a.out | asa | lp
converts output from a.out to conform with conventional
printers and directs it through a pipe to the printer.
The command
asa output
shows the contents of file output on a terminal as it would
appear on a printer.
The following program is used in the next two examples:
write(*,'(" Blank")')
write(*,'("0Zero ")')
write(*,'("+ Plus ")')
write(*,'("1One ")')
end
Both of the following examples produce two pages of output:
Page 1:
Blank
ZeroPlus
Page 2:
One
Example 1: Using actual files
a.out > MyOutputFile
asa < MyOutputFile | lp
Example 2: Using only pipes
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 18 Apr 1995 2
User Commands asa(1)
a.out | asa | lp
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of asa: LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 All input files were output successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
lp(1), attributes(5), environ(5), standards(5)
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 18 Apr 1995 3
as man page
User Commands as(1)
NAME
as - assembler
SYNOPSIS
SPARC
as [-b] [-i] [ -K {pic,PIC}] [-L] [-m] [-n] [-o outfile]
[-P] [-Dname] [-Dname=def] [-Ipath] [-Uname...] [-q] [-Qy |
n] [-s] [ -S [a | b | c | l | A | B | C | L] ] [-T] [-V]
[-xarch=v7 | -xarch=v8 | -xarch=v8a | -xarch=v8plus |
-xarch=v8plusa | -xarch=v8plusb | -xarch=v9 | -xarch=v9a
| -xarch=v9b ] [-xF] [-Y dirname] filename...
x86
as [-b] [-i] [ -K PIC] [-L] [-m] [-n] [-o outfile] [-P] [-
Dname] [-Dname=def] [-Ipath] [-Uname...] [-Qy | n] [-s] [
-S [a | b | c | l | A | B | C | L] ] [-T] [-V] [
-xarch=generic64 | -xarch=amd64] [-Y dirname] [-xmodel= [
SMALL | KERNEL ]] filename...
DESCRIPTION
The as command creates object files from assembly language
source files.
OPTIONS
Common Options
The following flags are common to both SPARC and x86. They
may be specified in any order:
-b
Generates extra symbol table information.
-i
Ignore line number information from preprocessor.
-K pic | PIC
Generates position-independent code.
-L
Saves all symbols, including temporary labels that are
normally discarded to save space, in the ELF symbol
table.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Sep 2005 1
User Commands as(1)
-m
Runs the m4(1) macro processor on the input to the
assembler.
-n
Suppresses all the warnings while assembling.
-o outfile
Puts the output of the assembly in outfile. By default,
the output file name is formed by removing the .s suf-
fix, if there is one, from the input file name and
appending a .o suffix.
-P
Runs cpp(1), the C preprocessor, on the files being
assembled. The preprocessor is run separately on each
input file, not on their concatenation. The preprocessor
output is passed to the assembler.
-Dname
-Dname=def
When the -P option is in effect, these options are
passed to the cpp(1) preprocessor without interpretation
by the as command; otherwise, they are ignored.
-Ipath
When the -P option is in effect, this option is passed
to the cpp(1) preprocessor without interpretation by the
as command; otherwise, it is ignored.
-Uname
When the -P option is in effect, this option is passed
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Sep 2005 2
User Commands as(1)
to the cpp(1) preprocessor without interpretation by the
as command; otherwise, it is ignored.
-Qy | n
If y is specified, this option produces the "assembler
version" information in the comment section of the out-
put object file. If n is specified, the information is
suppressed.
-s
Places all stabs in the .stabs section. By default,
stabs are placed in stabs.excl sections, which are
stripped out by the static linker, ld(1), during final
execution. When the -s option is used, stabs remain in
the final executable because .stab sections are not
stripped by the static linker.
-S[a|b|c|l|A|B|C|L]
Produces a disassembly of the emitted code to the stan-
dard output. Adding each of the following characters to
the -S option produces:
a disassembling with address
b disassembling with ".bof"
c disassembling with comments
l disassembling with line numbers
Capital letters turn the switch off for the correspond-
ing option.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Sep 2005 3
User Commands as(1)
-T
This is a migration option for 4.x assembly files to be
assembled on 5.x systems. With this option, the symbol
names in 4.x assembly files will be interpreted as 5.x
symbol names.
-V
Writes the version number of the assembler being run on
the standard error output.
-xF
Allows function reordering by the Performance Analyzer.
If you compile with the -xF option, and then run the
Performance Analyzer, you can generate a map file that
shows an optimized order for the functions. The subse-
quent link to build the executable file can be directed
to use that map file by using the linker -M mapfile
option. It places each function from the executable file
into a separate section.
-Y dirname
Specify directory m4 and/or cm4def.
Options for SPARC only
-q
Performs a quick assembly. When the -q option is used,
many error checks are not performed. Note: This option
disables many error checks. Use of this option to assem-
ble handwritten assembly language is not recommended.
-xarch=v7
This option instructs the assembler to accept instruc-
tions defined in the SPARC version 7 (V7) architecture.
The resulting object code is in ELF format.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Sep 2005 4
User Commands as(1)
-xarch=v8
This option instructs the assembler to accept instruc-
tions defined in the SPARC-V8 architecture, less the
quad-precision floating-point instructions. The result-
ing object code is in ELF format.
-xarch=v8a
This option instructs the assembler to accept instruc-
tions defined in the SPARC-V8 architecture, less the
quad-precision floating-point instructions and less the
fsmuld instruction. The resulting object code is in ELF
format. This is the default choice of the
-xarch=options.
-xarch=v8plus
This option instructs the assembler to accept instruc-
tions defined in the SPARC-V9 architecture, less the
quad-precision floating-point instructions. The result-
ing object code is in ELF format. It will not execute on
a Solaris V8 system (a machine with a V8 processor). It
will execute on a Solaris V8+ system. This combination
is a SPARC 64-bit processor and a 32-bit OS.
-xarch=v8plusa
This option instructs the assembler to accept instruc-
tions defined in the SPARC-V9 architecture, less the
quad-precision floating-point instructions, plus the
instructions in the Visual Instruction Set (VIS). The
resulting object code is in V8+ ELF format. It will not
execute on a Solaris V8 system (a machine with a V8 pro-
cessor). It will execute on a Solaris V8+ system
-xarch=v8plusb
This option enables the assembler to accept instructions
defined in the SPARC-V9 architecture, plus the instruc-
tions in the Visual Instruction Set (VIS), with
UltraSPARC-III extensions. The resulting object code is
in V8+ ELF32 format. It executes only on an
UltraSPARC-III processor.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Sep 2005 5
User Commands as(1)
-xarch=v9
This option limits the instruction set to the SPARC-V9
architecture. The resulting .o object files are in 64-
bit ELF format and can only be linked with other object
files in the same format. The resulting executable can
only be run on a 64-bit SPARC processor running 64-bit
Solaris with the 64-bit kernel.
-xarch=v9a
This option limits the instruction set to the SPARC-V9
architecture, adding the Visual Instruction Set (VIS)
and extensions specific to UltraSPARC processors. The
resulting .o object files are in 64-bit ELF format and
can only be linked with other object files in the same
format. The resulting executable can only be run on a
64-bit SPARC processor running 64-bit Solaris with the
64-bit kernel.
-xarch=v9b
This option enables the assembler to accept instructions
defined in the SPARC-V9 architecture, plus the Visual
Instruction Set (VIS), with UltraSPARC-III extensions.
The resulting .o object files are in ELF64 format and
can only be linked with other V9 object files in the
same format. The resulting executable can only be run on
a 64-bit UltraSPARC-III pro cessor running a 64-bit
Solaris operating environment with the 64-bit kernel.
Options for x86 Only
--xarch=generic64
Limits the instruction set to AMD64. The resulting
object code is in 64-bit ELF format.
--xarch=amd64
Limits the instruction set to AMD64. The resulting
object code is in 64-bit ELF format.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Sep 2005 6
User Commands as(1)
-xmodel=[SMALL | KERNEL]
For AMD64 only, generate R_X86_64_32S relocatable type
for static data access under KERNEL. Otherwise, generate
R_X86_64_32 under SMALL. SMALL is the default.
OPERANDS
The following operand is supported:
filename Assembly language source file
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
TMPDIR The as command normally creates temporary
files in the directory /tmp. Another direc-
tory may be specified by setting the
environment variable TMPDIR to the chosen
directory. (If TMPDIR is not a valid direc-
tory, then as will use /tmp).
FILES
By default, as creates its temporary files in /tmp.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWsprot |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
cc(1B), cpp(1),ld(1), m4(1), nm(1), strip(1), tmpnam(3C),
a.out(4), attributes(5)
dbx and analyzer manual pages available with Sun Studio
documentation.
NOTES
If the -m option, which invokes the m4(1) macro processor,
is used, keywords for m4 cannot be used as symbols (vari-
ables, functions, labels) in the input file, since m4 cannot
determine which keywords are assembler symbols and which
keywords are real m4 macros.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Sep 2005 7
User Commands as(1)
Whenever possible, access the assembler through a compila-
tion system interface program such as cc(1B).
All undefined symbols are treated as global.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 16 Sep 2005 8
arch man page
User Commands arch(1)
NAME
arch - display the architecture of the current host
SYNOPSIS
arch [-k | archname]
DESCRIPTION
The arch utility displays the application architecture of
the current host system. Due to extensive historical use of
this command without any options, all SunOS 5.x SPARC based
systems will return "sun4" as their application architec-
ture. Use of this command is discouraged. See NOTES section
below.
Systems can be broadly classified by their architectures,
which define what executables will run on which machines. A
distinction can be made between kernel architecture and
application architecture (or, commonly, just "architec-
ture"). Machines that run different kernels due to underly-
ing hardware differences may be able to run the same appli-
cation programs.
OPTIONS
-k Displays the kernel architecture, such as sun4u.
This defines which specific SunOS kernel will run
on the machine, and has implications only for pro-
grams that depend on the kernel explicitly (for
example, ps(1)).
OPERANDS
The following operand is supported:
archname Use archname to determine whether the appli-
cation binaries for this application archi-
tecture can run on the current host system.
The archname must be a valid application
architecture, such as sun4, i86pc, and so
forth.
If application binaries for archname can run
on the current host system, TRUE (0) is
returned. Otherwise, FALSE (1) is returned.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 Successful completion.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 21 Oct 2002 1
User Commands arch(1)
>0 An error occurred.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
mach(1), ps(1), uname(1), attributes(5)
NOTES
This command is provided for compatibility with previous
releases and its use is discouraged. Instead, the uname com-
mand is recommended. See uname(1) for usage information.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 21 Oct 2002 2
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